2024 Realistic 4A0-220 Dumps Latest Nokia Practice Tests Dumps
4A0-220 Dumps PDF - 4A0-220 Real Exam Questions Answers
NEW QUESTION # 14
What is a Label Switched Path (LSP)?
- A. A protocol used by nodes to exchange information about the state of labels
- B. A switched protection path
- C. The path created by MPLS nodes
- D. A High Order Container for client signal
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
A Label Switched Path (LSP) is the path created by MPLS nodes that use labels to forward packets across the network. A label is a short identifier that is attached to each packet and indicates the next hop or destination of the packet. The nodes use a label forwarding table to switch packets based on their labels, without inspecting the packet headers. This can improve the performance, security, and quality of service of the network. An LSP can be established by using GMPLS protocols such as OSPF-TE and RSVP-TE, which exchange information about the network topology, resources, and constraints. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 15
What does Test Mode do in an SNC?
- A. The LSP will not be restored and will behave like an unprotected service
- B. It clears the ASONTOPO alarms
- C. Source nodes of affected client services will not be notified in case of failure
- D. It initiates the LMP link verification by sending Test Messages
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Test Mode is a feature of the Link Management Protocol (LMP) that allows testing the connectivity and functionality of a link or a TE-link. Test Mode can be initiated by either end of a link or a TE-link by sending a Test Message with a Test ID and a Test Pattern. The Test Message is sent over the control channel of the link or the TE-link and contains information such as the source and destination IP addresses, the link ID, and the test parameters. The receiving node then verifies the Test Message and sends back a TestStatusAck message with the same Test ID and Test Pattern. The TestStatusAck message indicates whether the test was successful or not, and if not, what was the reason for failure. Test Mode can be used to check if a link or a TE-link is operational, if it has any errors or faults, or if it supports certain features or capabilities. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, RFC 4204 - Link Management Protocol (LMP)
NEW QUESTION # 16
Which of the following statements best describes a distributed control plane for GMPLS?
- A. Each router has software to run the GMPLS protocols and can modify the node's switching fabric.
- B. The network is managed by more than one network management system.
- C. The network manager controls all the routing for the network.
- D. The control plane is active in some network nodes and not in others.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
A distributed control plane for GMPLS means that each router has software to run the GMPLS protocols and can modify the node's switching fabric. This allows the routers to communicate with each other and establish Label Switched Paths (LSPs) across the network without relying on a centralized controller or network manager. A distributed control plane can improve the scalability, reliability, and efficiency of the network. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 17
Which of the following best describes the Shutting Down state in the NFM-T?
- A. A transient state where current SNCs are soft-rerouted
- B. It is the same as the administrative maintenance state. No new traffic can be routed over the TE-Unk
- C. A soft maintenance state where new traffic is allowed for restoration
- D. An automatic shut down of all LSPs in the TE-link
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The Shutting Down state is a transient state that occurs when a TE-link is set to maintenance mode in the NFM-T. In this state, the TE-link is not available for routing new LSPs, but the existing LSPs (SNCs) that use the TE-link are not immediately terminated. Instead, they are soft-rerouted, which means that they are gracefully switched to alternative paths without disrupting the traffic. The Shutting Down state lasts until all the SNCs on the TE-link are successfully soft-rerouted or forcefully terminated. After that, the TE-link transitions to the Administrative Maintenance state, where no traffic can be routed over the TE-link12.
References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 18
Which of the following best describes Quality of Service in GMPLS?
- A. The ability to switch back to the nominal route after a failure is repaired without impacting existing traffic
- B. The amount of information that is possible to store in the Traffic Engineering Database (TED)
- C. The ability to set constraints such as latency and priority for different kinds of services
- D. The possibility to have L0 and L1 switching treated with the same quality level in the same network
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Quality of Service (QoS) in GMPLS is the ability to set constraints such as latency and priority for different kinds of services. This means that GMPLS can allocate network resources according to the specific requirements of each service, such as voice, video, or data. For example, a voice service may need low latency and high priority, while a data service may need high bandwidth and low priority. GMPLS can use Traffic Engineering (TE) extensions to OSPF and RSVP protocols to advertise and reserve network resources based on QoS parameters. References : [Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia], [Quality of Service - Nokia]
NEW QUESTION # 19
Which of the following information is present in every GMPLS-enabled node?
- A. The bandwidth of each client path in the entire network
- B. The list of LSPs created in the entire network
- C. The state of each link in the entire network
- D. The frequency of each client path in the entire network
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
GMPLS-enabled nodes use routing protocols, such as OSPF-TE or ISIS-TE, to exchange information about the topology and the state of the links in the network12. This information includes the link attributes, such as bandwidth, wavelength, protection, and shared risk link groups (SRLGs)3. The state of each link indicates whether it is up or down, available or reserved, and so on. This information is used by GMPLS-enabled nodes to compute feasible paths for LSPs and to avoid routing loops or conflicts. The bandwidth and the frequency of each client path are not present in every GMPLS-enabled node, but only in the ingress and egress nodes that initiate and terminate the LSPs. The list of LSPs created in the entire network is also not present in every GMPLS-enabled node, but only in the nodes that are involved in the LSPs or that maintain a global view of the network. References:
* 1: GMPLS - Nokia
* 2: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 3: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 20
How do you configure the Trail template in NFM-T for an Uplink board (such as 2UC400) in a network with only LI restoration capability?
- A. Check the Logical Link box
Set the Port Type to Unterminated Check the ASON Routed box Check the ASON Tunnel box - B. Uncheck the Logical Link box Set the Port Type to Terminated Check the ASON Routed box Check the ASON Tunnel box
- C. Uncheck the Logical Link box NSet the Port Type to Terminated
Uncheck the ASON Routed box Uncheck the ASON Tunnel box - D. Check the Logical Link box
Set the Port Type to Unterminated Uncheck the ASON Routed box Uncheck the ASON Tunnel box
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
To configure the Trail template in NFM-T for an Uplink board (such as 2UC400) in a network with only LI restoration capability, you need to check the Logical Link box, set the Port Type to Unterminated, uncheck the ASON Routed box, and uncheck the ASON Tunnel box. This configuration allows you to create a logical link between two Uplink boards that can be used for LI restoration. The logical link is not terminated at the Uplink board, but at the OTU board. The ASON Routed option is not needed for LI restoration, as the LSPs are established by NFM-T and not by GMPLS. The ASON Tunnel option is not applicable for Uplink boards. References : Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia, Nokia 1830 PSS-4, PSS-8, PSS-16 and PSS-32 Platforms - NATO
NEW QUESTION # 21
What is the GMRE node address?
- A. The OSPF-TE broadcast IP used to flood the link adjacency information
- B. The IP address for communication between NEs
- C. An IP address for CORBA communication with the NMS
- D. The LMP Control Channel ID. This field contains the IPv4 address of the ingress LER as a global unique identifier
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The GMRE node address is the IP address for communication between network elements (NEs) in a GMPLS-controlled optical network. The GMRE node address is also known as the GMRE loopback address or the GMPLS node IP. It is used by GMPLS protocols such as LMP and RSVP to identify and communicate with other GMRE nodes. The GMRE node address is configured on each NE and is advertised by OSPF-TE to other nodes in the same area. References : Nokia 1830 PSS-4, PSS-8, PSS-16 and PSS-32 Platforms - NATO, 1830 PSS Identifiers
NEW QUESTION # 22
What is the purpose of preemption when establishing an LSP?
- A. To pick the next hop during LSP signalling
- B. To tear down an existing LSP in order to accommodate higher priority traffic
- C. To measure the end-to-end latency
- D. To assign the correct wavelengths depending on the type of traffic
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Preemption is a mechanism that allows a higher priority LSP to tear down an existing lower priority LSP in order to obtain the required resources for its establishment. Preemption can occur when there is not enough bandwidth or other resources available on a link or node to accommodate a new LSP request. In this case, the node can select one or more lower priority LSPs that are using the resources and send them a PathErr message with a Preempt error code. This causes the lower priority LSPs to beterminated and release their resources. The node can then allocate the resources to the higher priority LSP and send a Resv message to confirm its reservation34. References:
* 3: RFC 4829: Label Switched Path (LSP) Preemption Policies for MPLS Traffic Engineering4
* 4: MPLS Applications User Guide | Juniper Networks5
NEW QUESTION # 23
Which categories of protocols are included in the GMPLS technology?
- A. Signaling, routing, and forwarding
- B. Routing, signaling, and link management
- C. Link management, signaling, and switching
- D. Routing, grooming, and signaling
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The GMPLS technology includes three categories of protocols: routing, signaling, and link management.
Routing protocols are used to exchange information about the network topology, resources, and constraints among the nodes. Signaling protocols are used to establish, modify, and release Label Switched Paths (LSPs) across the network. Link management protocols are used to verify the connectivity and status of the links between adjacent nodes. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, 3. GMPLS
- Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 24
What is a Nominal Route in a GMPLS network?
- A. The best possible path at the moment
- B. The optimal path that meets TE constraints
- C. The nominal power path
- D. The least cost path according to the routing protocol
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
A Nominal Route in a GMPLS network is the optimal path that meets the Traffic Engineering (TE) constraints for a given LSP request. A Nominal Route is calculated by the NFM-T using the Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) algorithm, which takes into account parameters such as bandwidth, latency, priority, protection type, and other QoS attributes. A Nominal Route is stored in the NFM-T database and can be used to provision LSPs over the network. A Nominal Route can differ from the Current Route, which is the actual path that the LSP is taking at a given time, due to network changes or failures. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 25
When should two physical connections belong to the same SRG?
- A. When they are fully disjoint respective to the risk of failure
- B. When they are both selected during the setup process
- C. When one is the protection of the other
- D. When they share the same risk of failure
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
A Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) is a set of links sharing a common resource, which affects all links in the set if the common resource fails5. These links share the same risk of failure and are therefore considered to belong to the same SRLG. For example, links sharing a common fiber are said to be in the same SRLG because a fault with the fiber might cause all links in the group to fail. SRLGs are used in MPLS and GMPLS networks to provide traffic engineering and protection/restoration mechanisms. When computing the secondary path for an LSP, it is preferable to find a path such that the secondary and primary paths do not have any links in common in case the SRLGs for the primary and secondary paths are disjoint6. This ensures that a single point of failure on a particular link does not bring down both the primary and secondary paths in the LSP. References:
* 5: Shared risk resource group - Wikipedia
* 6: Shared Risk Link Groups for MPLS | Junos OS | Juniper Networks
NEW QUESTION # 26
What is the meaning of Generalized in GMPLS?
- A. Unlike MPLS, GMPLS supports multi-vendor networks
- B. GMPLS can be used for traffic types other than data packets
- C. The label can assume an extended value range, and is not constrained as it is with MPLS
- D. Switching can be based on values other than the label
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
GMPLS stands for Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching, which is a protocol suite that extends MPLS to control different types of switching technologies, such as optical, TDM, and packet switching1. The meaning of Generalized in GMPLS is that it can be used for traffic types other than data packets, such as wavelengths, time slots, or fibers2. GMPLS can also use implicit labels that are derived from the physical properties of the data stream, such as wavelength or timeslot, instead of explicit labels that are carried in the packet header3. This allows GMPLS to support various transport networks and applications, such as optical transport networks (OTN), wavelength switched optical networks (WSON), and automatic switched optical networks (ASON)4. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: What is MPLS and GMPLS? - Metaswitch
* 3: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 4: GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 27
Which of the following statements about the Wait for Server Restoration (WSR) parameter in the MRN is correct?
- A. When WSR is false, if the failed optical channel can be restored at LO, the data traffic stays in the tunnel.
- B. When WSR is false, the LI services do not wait for the LO restoration and restore through LI switching.
- C. When WSR is true, the LO channels do not wait for the LI services to restore.
- D. When WSR is true, the LO optical channel remains in the link until the failure is fixed.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The Wait for Server Restoration (WSR) parameter in the MRN is a boolean parameter that determines whether an LI service should wait for the LO restoration or not in case of a failure.When WSR is false, the LI services do not wait for the LO restoration and restore through LI switching. This means that if an LO optical channel fails, the LI services that use that channel will switch to another available optical channel at LI layer without waiting for the LO layer to restore the failed channel. This option provides faster restoration time for LI services, but may result in suboptimal resource utilization at LO layer. When WSR is true, the LI services wait for the LO restoration and do not switch at LI layer. This means that if an LO optical channel fails, the LI services that use that channel will remain in that channel until the LO layer restores it or until a timeout occurs.
This option provides optimal resource utilization at LO layer, but may result in longer restoration time for LI services. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, 3. GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 28
How do you configure the Trail template in NFM-T for an Uplink board (such as 2UC400) in an MRN network with LO and LI restoration capabilities?
- A. Check the Logical Link box
Set the Port Type to Unterminated Check the ASON Routed box Check the ASON Tunnel box - B. Uncheck the Logical Link box Set the Port Type to Terminated Check the ASON Routed box Uncheck the ASON Tunnel box
- C. Uncheck the Logical Link box Set the Port Type to Terminated Check the ASON Routed box Check the ASON Tunnel box
- D. Check the Logical Link box
Set the Port Type to Unterminated Check the ASON Routed box Uncheck the ASON Tunnel box
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
To configure the Trail template in NFM-T for an Uplink board (such as 2UC400) in an MRN network with LO and LI restoration capabilities, you need to check the Logical Link box, set the Port Type to Unterminated, check the ASON Routed box, and uncheck the ASON Tunnel box. This configuration allows you to create a logical link between two Uplink boards that can be used for LO or LI restoration. The logical link is not terminated at the Uplink board, but at the OTU board. The ASON Routed option enables the GMPLS control plane for the logical link, while the ASON Tunnel option is not applicable for Uplink boards. References : Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia, Nokia 1830 PSS-4, PSS-8, PSS-16 and PSS-32 Platforms - NATO
NEW QUESTION # 29
What is the definition of Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF)?
- A. It is a combination between OSPF-TE and RSVP-TE.
- B. It is the SPF algorithm applied for low latency LSPs.
- C. It is the SPF algorithm applied to low bandwidth LSPs.
- D. It is the 5FP algorithm applied after pruning links that do not meet the specified constraints.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) is an extension of the shortest path first (SPF) algorithm that is used to find the best path for a Label Switched Path (LSP) in a GMPLS network. CSPF takes into account additional constraints such as bandwidth, latency, priority, or node or link inclusion or exclusion. CSPF works by pruning those links that do not meet the specified constraints and then applying the SPF algorithm to the remaining links. This way, CSPF can find a path that satisfies both the shortest distance and the constraints. References : Constrained Shortest Path First - Wikipedia, Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) - Metaswitch
NEW QUESTION # 30
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